Previous Year UPSC Questions

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: The National Biodiversity Authority(NBA) plays a crucial role in preventing biopiracy which is the unauthorized use of biological resources or traditional knowledge without fair compensation or consent. The NBA ensures that access to India’s biological resources (including agricultural crops, medicinal plants, and traditional knowledge) is regulated. This helps protect India’s indigenous and traditional genetic resources from exploitation by foreign entities or corporations.

Statement 2 is incorrect: NBA does not directly supervise scientific research on genetic modification (GM) of crops. The regulation of Genetically Modified (GM) crops falls under the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) which functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Statement 3 is correct: The NBA’s approval is mandatory before filing any Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) application for patents related to biological resources originating in In-dia. This prevents foreign companies from claiming patents on Indian plants, seeds, and traditional medicines without sharing benefits with local communities.

Explanation

Indian Social Conference (1887) was formed by M. G.

Ranade and Raghunath Rao in Madras. It was a separate social reform organ of the Indian National Congress as they did not want to include social reforms in their deliberations. It advocated inter-caste marriage, opposed polygamy and kulinism and launched "Pledge Movement to pledge against Child Marriage"

Explanation

In the troposphere (near earth surface), temperature usually decreases as altitude rises. This is called the lapse rate. On average, the temperature drops by 1°C for every 165 meters of height. This equals about 6.5°C for every kilometer.

Statement 1 is correct: The Earth’s surface absorbs solar radiation and then re-radiates it as heat. The air in contact with the surface warms up and transfers heat to the layers above through conduction, convection, and radiation. Since the primary heat source is the Earth’s surface, higher altitudes receive less heat, leading to a drop in temperature.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Moisture content (water vapor) which accounts for around 1% of air varies greatly in the troposphere, decreases significantly with altitude, as most water vapor is found near the Earth’s surface. The upper atmosphere is drier, not more moist.

Statement 3 is correct: As altitude increases, air pressure and density decrease. Less dense air holds less heat, contributing to a decrease in temperature with height.

Explanation

The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828, was a reformist movement aimed at promoting monotheism, social equality, and the abolition of social evils like Sati and child marriage. It sought to reform Hinduism by advocating for reason, rationality, and rejection of idol worship and caste discrimination.

Statement 1 is correct: Brahmo Samaj vehemently opposed idolatry or idol worship.

Statement 2 is correct: The chief aim of Brahmo Samaj was the worship of the eternal God. It was against priesthood, rituals and sacrifices.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Brahmo Samaj spread the religious treasure and teachings of Vedas but never claimed that Vedas are infallible.

Explanation

The Tropical Savannah climate is characterized by a definite dry and wet season. This climate type is found in regions like parts of Africa, South America, and Australia. The distinguishing feature is the seasonal variation between a wet season (characterized by heavy rainfall) and a dry season (with very little or no rainfall).

Explanation

Biopesticides are various biologically active natural substances that exist in nature and have inhibitory effects on crop diseases and insect pests. In general, the creation of biopesticide depends to a large extent on biological resources.

Option (d) is correct:

Three major classes of biopesticides are:

Class of Biopesticides Description Examples Microbial Pesticides Consist of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa) as active ingredients for pest control. These may be naturally occurring, dead or alive, or genetically engineered. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) - produces toxins harmful to specific insects. Fungal Biopesticides Some fungi act as biopesticides by infecting and killing pests. Entomopathogenic fungi target insects, while others combat plant pathogens. Entomopathogenic fungi - infect and kill insects. Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs) Pesticidal substances that plants produce from inserted genetic material. Genetically modified corn and cotton, Neem oil (Azadirachta indica) - possesses insecticidal properties.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation effectively neutralizes harmful microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. It damages their DNA by disrupting the thymine bases, preventing reproduction and rendering them harmless.

Statement 2 is incorrect: UV radiation does not remove chemical compounds or gases that cause undesirable odors in water. These require additional processes like activated carbon filtration or oxidation techniques.

Statement 3 is incorrect: UV radiation does not affect solid particles, turbidity, or water clarity. These issues require mechanical filtration or sedimentation processes, such as sand filters or coagulation methods.

Explanation

A stem cell is a special type of cell that can develop into different cell types and has the ability to self-renew, helping in growth, repair, and regeneration of tissues in the body.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Stem cells are not exclusive to mammals. They can be derived from a variety of organisms, including plants, non-mammalian animals, and other sources. For instance, plants have meristematic cells (responsible for the root and shoot growth of plants), which function similarly to stem cells in animals.

Statement 2 is correct: Stem cells, especially induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells, are used in drug screening and toxicity testing. They help in assessing drug responses in a controlled laboratory setting.

Statement 3 is correct: Stem cells have significant applications in regenerative medicine, including treatments for blood disorders (like leukemia), neurodegenerative diseases, and tissue repair. Bone marrow transplants, for example, rely on hematopoietic stem cells.

Explanation

Sufism is a mystic branch of Islam that puts emphasis on the search for God on a spiritual level and rejects materialism.

Statement 1 and 2 are correct: Sufism focuses on love and devotion to God. Devotees used music and dance for expression of their devotion. They also practiced breath-control techniques and meditation. They also used to perform severe ascetic exercises in solitude.

Statement 3 is correct: The practice of Sama is a musical performance that aims to elicit a mystical feeling of ecstasy. Murid, or disciple, must pass through countless phases while engaging in spiritual activities in a lonely setting.

Explanation

Terrestrial Carbon sequestration is the process through which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is absorbed by trees and plants through photosynthesis and stored as carbon in soil and biomass. Option 3 is correct: Zero Tillage is the process where the crop seed will be sown through drillers without prior land preparation and distributed in the soil where previous crop stubbles are present. Zero tillage not only reduces the cost of cultivation it also reduces the soil erosion, crop duration, irrigation requirement and weed effect which is better than tillage. Zero tillage is environmentally safe because it helps in reducing greenhouse effect through carbon sequestration. Options 1 and 2 are incorrect:

Contour bundling involves the construction of banks along the contours. Terracing and contour bunding divide the hill slope into numerous small slopes, check the flow of water, promote absorption of water by soil and save soil from erosion. Retaining walls of terraces control the flow of water and help in reducing soil erosion. Relay Cropping is the process of growing one crop, then planting another crop (usually a cover crop) in the same field before harvesting the first. This helps avoid competition between the main crop and the intercrop. It also uses the field for a longer time, since the cover crop usually continues to grow after the main crop is harvested.