Human and Economic Geography: UPSC Previous Year Questions (Geography)

Explanation

The sex ratio in a population is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males. As per 1991 census sex ratio declined slightly from 934 to 927 between 1981-1991, indicating a decline in the proportion of females relative to males. When we examine the census data for India over recent decades, we observe that the sex ratio does not follow a single steady trend; rather, it shows variations from one census to another. As per the table, These fluctuations indicate that the sex ratio in India is neither steadily declining, stable, nor uniformly increasing; it is fluctuating over time. Various factors contribute to these changes, including differences in birth rates, mortality rates, socio-economic conditions, and cultural practices. 1991 to 2001: The ratio increased again to 933, suggesting a modest recovery. 2001 to 2011: The ratio further improved to 943, which is a significant increase compared to 1991.

Explanation

The tribal population of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, particularly the Onge, Jarwa, Great Andamanese, and Sentinelese, belong to the Negroid race. These tribes are considered to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Indian sub-continent and are genetically linked to the African population. These characteristics include Dark skin complexion, Curly hair, Short stature and distinct linguistic and cultural traditions.

Option (a), (b) and (c) are incorrect:

Australoids are typically found among indigenous populations in parts of India, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Caucasoids are primarily associated with populations in Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia Mongoloids are primarily found in East Asia, characterized by features like oblique eyes, high cheekbones, and sparse hair. A small population of Shompen and Nicobars tribes found in Andaman and Nicobar islands are of Mongoloid descent.

Explanation

Transplanting seedlings is a common agricultural practice where young plants are grown in nurseries and then moved to the main field. This method ensures better growth, higher yields, and efficient use of resources.

Option (c) is correct: Onions are typically cultivated by transplanting seedlings. Farmers grow small onion plants from seeds in a nursery and then carefully transplant them into the field. This method allows for better control over spacing and ensures healthier plants. Onion seedlings are first raised in nurseries and then transplanted to the main field after 6-8 weeks. This method helps in uniform spacing, better root establishment, and higher yield. Onion requires well-drained soil and moderate irrigation, making transplanting essential for commercial production.

Option (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect:

Maize is usually directly sown into the field.

Sorghum is also typically directly sown.

Soyabean is typically directly sown, although some varieties can be transplanted.

Explanation

A is correctly matched with 2: Barley is a hardy crop that grows well in a cool climate and can tolerate poor soil fertility. It is commonly cultivated in temperate regions. It is rown in temperate regions like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh in India. B is correctly matched with 4: Rice is typically cultivated in areas with abundant rainfall and warm temperatures. It thrives in alluvial soils that are rich in nutrients, which is why the ideal condition is described as a hot and moist climate with rich soil. Major rice-producing states in India include West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. C is correctly matched with 1: Millets are drought-resistant crops that grow in areas with a hot and dry climate and can tolerate poor, sandy soils. They are commonly cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions. 2023 was declared the International Year of Millets by the UN to promote their cultivation. D is correctly matched with 3: Tea requires a warm and moist climate, well-drained soil, and grows best in high-altitude areas. Hill slopes in regions like Darjeeling and Assam are ideal.

Explanation

The descending order by production quantity is:

Groundnut (3) > Soyabean (4) > Mustard (2) > Sesamum (1) Groundnut is the largest produced oilseed in India. It is cultivated primarily in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, often in semi-arid regions. Soybean is the second largest oilseed crop, grown predominantly in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. Mustard ranks third in oilseed production and is grown widely in the north-western plains, particularly in Rajasthan, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Sesamum (or sesame) has a lower production compared to the others. It is cultivated in small quantities across Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.

Explanation

Manganese, Nickel, Lead-zinc, and Asbestos are important mineral resources in India, each predominantly mined in specific states due to favorable geological conditions. A is correctly matched with 1: Manganese ore is a crucial raw material for the steel industry and is extensively mined in Madhya Pradesh. Regions like the Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh are well known for their significant deposits. B is correctly matched with 2: Nickel is primarily mined in Orissa (Odisha), where substantial reserves exist, particularly in areas such as the Sukinda Valley. Orissa is recognized for its notable nickel deposits. C is correctly matched with 3: Lead and zinc ores are largely found in Rajasthan. The Zawar mines in are one of the most prominent sources of lead and zinc in India. Rajasthan is renowned for its lead-zinc mining. Lead and Zinc are used in batteries, galvanization, and alloys. D is correctly matched with 4: Asbestos is mined in Andhra Pradesh, particularly in regions like Cuddapah and Kurnool. Andhra Pradesh has well-established asbestos mining operations. They are used for roofing sheets, insulation, and fire-proof materials.

Explanation

Cotton Production in India is concentrated in regions with warm temperatures (21-30°C), a semi-arid climate, and soil conditions favorable to cotton cultivation (such as the black, moisture-retaining regur soil). It is produced in North-west and Western India in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Punjab. Gujarat: Recognized as the largest cotton producer in India, owing to its conducive climate and extensive cultivation practices. Maharashtra: Known for significant rainfed cotton farming on regur soil, which supports high yields. Rajasthan: Especially in its irrigated parts, Rajasthan contributes a substantial share to the country’s cotton production

Explanation

Population density is measured as the number of people per square kilometer, is a key demographic indicator. It reflects the distribution of population across regions and is influenced by geographical, economic, and social factors.

Option (a) is correct: The following table presents the approximate population densities (in persons per square kilometer) for the four states across three Census years:

State Census 1991 Census 2001 Census 2011 Sikkim 57 76 86 Nagaland 73 119 120 Meghalaya 79 115 132 Manipur 82 98 122 In 1991, Sikkim had a population density of 57 persons/km², which was lower than Nagaland (73), Meghalaya (79), and Manipur (82). Its mountainous terrain and limited habitable land contribute to sparse population distribution. In contrast, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Manipur had higher densities due to more favorable living conditions and agricultural practices.

Explanation

India has diverse agro-climatic zones, enabling different regions to specialize in certain crops based on soil type, rainfall, and climate.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Tapioca (cassava) is widely grown in Kerala, particularly in hilly and rainfed areas, but it is not considered a major or economically significant crop of the state compared to others.

Pair 2 is correctly matched: Maharashtra is a leading producer of cotton in India, particularly in Vidarbha and Marathwada regions, owing to its black soil. Maharashtra is followed by Gujarat and Telangana in cotton production.

Pair 3 is correctly matched: West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India, contributing around 75% of the nation’s total yield. The benefits from the alluvial soils of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and experienced agricultural workforce. Known for its durability and versatility, jute plays a crucial role in various industries, including textiles and packaging.

Pair 4 is correctly matched: Gujarat leads in groundnut production, especially in Saurashtra and Kutch regions, due to suitable sandy loam soils and semi-arid conditions. Alongwith suitable soil type and favourable climatic conditions, application of advance farming techniques helps Gujarat produce the largest share of country’s groundnut yield.