Human and Economic Geography: UPSC Previous Year Questions (Geography)

Explanation

Manganese, Nickel, Lead-zinc, and Asbestos are important mineral resources in India, each predominantly mined in specific states due to favorable geological conditions. A is correctly matched with 1: Manganese ore is a crucial raw material for the steel industry and is extensively mined in Madhya Pradesh. Regions like the Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh are well known for their significant deposits. B is correctly matched with 2: Nickel is primarily mined in Orissa (Odisha), where substantial reserves exist, particularly in areas such as the Sukinda Valley. Orissa is recognized for its notable nickel deposits. C is correctly matched with 3: Lead and zinc ores are largely found in Rajasthan. The Zawar mines in are one of the most prominent sources of lead and zinc in India. Rajasthan is renowned for its lead-zinc mining. Lead and Zinc are used in batteries, galvanization, and alloys. D is correctly matched with 4: Asbestos is mined in Andhra Pradesh, particularly in regions like Cuddapah and Kurnool. Andhra Pradesh has well-established asbestos mining operations. They are used for roofing sheets, insulation, and fire-proof materials.

Explanation

Cotton Production in India is concentrated in regions with warm temperatures (21-30°C), a semi-arid climate, and soil conditions favorable to cotton cultivation (such as the black, moisture-retaining regur soil). It is produced in North-west and Western India in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Punjab. Gujarat: Recognized as the largest cotton producer in India, owing to its conducive climate and extensive cultivation practices. Maharashtra: Known for significant rainfed cotton farming on regur soil, which supports high yields. Rajasthan: Especially in its irrigated parts, Rajasthan contributes a substantial share to the country’s cotton production

Explanation

Population density is measured as the number of people per square kilometer, is a key demographic indicator. It reflects the distribution of population across regions and is influenced by geographical, economic, and social factors.

Option (a) is correct: The following table presents the approximate population densities (in persons per square kilometer) for the four states across three Census years:

State Census 1991 Census 2001 Census 2011 Sikkim 57 76 86 Nagaland 73 119 120 Meghalaya 79 115 132 Manipur 82 98 122 In 1991, Sikkim had a population density of 57 persons/km², which was lower than Nagaland (73), Meghalaya (79), and Manipur (82). Its mountainous terrain and limited habitable land contribute to sparse population distribution. In contrast, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Manipur had higher densities due to more favorable living conditions and agricultural practices.

Explanation

India has diverse agro-climatic zones, enabling different regions to specialize in certain crops based on soil type, rainfall, and climate.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Tapioca (cassava) is widely grown in Kerala, particularly in hilly and rainfed areas, but it is not considered a major or economically significant crop of the state compared to others.

Pair 2 is correctly matched: Maharashtra is a leading producer of cotton in India, particularly in Vidarbha and Marathwada regions, owing to its black soil. Maharashtra is followed by Gujarat and Telangana in cotton production.

Pair 3 is correctly matched: West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India, contributing around 75% of the nation’s total yield. The benefits from the alluvial soils of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and experienced agricultural workforce. Known for its durability and versatility, jute plays a crucial role in various industries, including textiles and packaging.

Pair 4 is correctly matched: Gujarat leads in groundnut production, especially in Saurashtra and Kutch regions, due to suitable sandy loam soils and semi-arid conditions. Alongwith suitable soil type and favourable climatic conditions, application of advance farming techniques helps Gujarat produce the largest share of country’s groundnut yield.