UPSC 1997 Prelims Questions with Answers

Explanation

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949, as noted in the Preamble, marking the completion of the drafting process. The X stands for this date in the Preamble. However, it came into effect on 26th January 1950, to honor the Purna Swaraj Declaration of 1930, when India resolved to seek complete independence. The Preamble reflects the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the Constitution’s official enforcement began on Republic Day.

Explanation

Ashokan pillar architecture is characterized by tall, monolithic stone columns with tapering shafts, polished surfaces, and inscriptions. Examples of some Ashokan Pillars are The Sarnath Pillar (UP), Lauria Nandangarh & Lauria Araraj (Bihar). Statement (a) is correct: Highly polished surfaces, which give them a smooth, lustrous finish. The pillars, made of sandstone, were polished so well that they shine even today. This smooth finish shows the advanced craftsmanship of the Mauryan period. Statement (b) is correct: Monolithic design, meaning each pillar was carved from a single block of stone.These pillars were carved from huge blocks of stone and transported to various locations across the Mauryan Empire. Statement (c) is correct: Tapering shafts, which narrow slightly towards the top, add to their elegance. Statement (d) is incorrect: Ashoka’s stone pillars were not generally parts of architectural structures like temples or gateways. Instead, they were freestanding monolithic columns, typically used for inscription and public proclamation. These pillars were placed at important sites to commemorate events, convey royal edicts, and spread Ashoka’s Dhamma (moral code).

Explanation

The Ashokan Edicts are a series of inscriptions engraved on rocks, pillars, and cave walls across the Indian subcontinent, commissioned by Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Dynasty in the 3rd century BC.

Option (a) is correct: The Maski Edict, found in Karnataka, is unique for explicitly mentioning Ashoka’s personal name. It confirms that the titles "Devanampiya" and "Piyadassi" refer to Emperor Ashoka.

Option (b) is incorrect: The Special Kalinga Edicts, issued by Ashoka for Kalinga highlights his shift from violence to Dhamma, promoting moral living and ethical governance.

Option (c) is incorrect: The Rummindei Edict (also known as the Lumbini Pillar Inscription) was discovered at Rummindei (present-day Lumbini in Nepal), which is recognised as the birthplace of Gautama Buddha commemorates Ashoka’s pilgrimage to Lumbini and his dedication to Buddhism.

Option (d) is incorrect: The Kalsi Edict, found in Uttarakhand, is the only Major Rock Edict in North India. It highlights Ashoka’s promotion of Dhamma and moral governance but does not mention his personal name, as shown in the Ashoka Empire 250 BC map. Fig.: Ashoka Empire, 250 BC Map

Explanation

The Gupta Empire (c. 320-550 CE) is celebrated as ancient India’s "Golden Age" for its advancements in art, literature, and science. The Chandelas (10th-12th centuries) flourished in Bundelkhand, renowned for their architectural masterpieces like Khajuraho. The Chalukyas (6th-12th centuries) dominated the Deccan region, while the Pallavas (6th-9th centuries) ruled parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, leaving a lasting cultural and architectural legacy.

Option (a) is correct: Key dynasties in ancient India were associated with specific centers of power: the Cholas ruled from Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram; the Pallavas from Kanchi and Panamalai; the Pandyas from Madurai. The Chalukyas governed from Badami (Vatapi), while the Later Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani. In the north, the Guptas were linked to Deogarh, and the Chandelas to Bundelkhand and Khajuraho.

Explanation

The Gupta Empire is known for its remarkable coinage that highlighted the artistry and cultural achievements of the period. The silver coins issued by the Guptas were known as "Rupaka." This term, "Rupaka," signifies a form or image, reflecting the Gupta Empire’s tradition of detailed and artistically crafted silver coinage.

Option (a) is correct: Rupaka specifically refers to the silver coins issued by the Gupta rulers.

Option (b) is incorrect: The Karshapana was a type of coin used primarily in ancient India during the Mauryan Empire, composed of various metals, typically copper or silver, but not specifically linked to the Guptas’ silver coins.

Option (c) is incorrect: While the Gupta Empire did issue Dinara coins, these were gold coins rather than silver. The term Dinara was influenced by Roman coinage and mainly reflected wealth in gold, not silver.

Option (d) is incorrect: Pana was a unit of currency used in ancient India, including the Mauryan period, but it was not specific to the Gupta Empire’s silver coinage.

Explanation

A is matched with 3: Varahamihira authored Brihat-Samhita, a significant text in ancient Indian astronomy and astrology, reflecting the scientific knowledge of the Gupta period. He also wrote Panchasiddhantika. B is matched with 4: Vishakhadatta is the author of two major historical Sanskrit dramas:

Devi-Chandraguptam play which describes the love story of King Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) and Queen Dhruvadevi. Mudrarakshasa is about Chandragupta Maurya’s rise with the help of Chanakya. C is matched with 2: Sudraka is known for Mrichchhakatikam (The Little Clay Cart), a Sanskrit play that tells the story of the romance between Charudatta, a noble but impoverished merchant, and Vasantika, a courtesan. The central themes include love, sacrifice, and the struggles of social classes, with an emphasis on the tensions between the upper and lower classes. D is matched with 5: Bilhana authored Vikramankadeva-Charita, an epic poem which celebrates the achievements and virtues of King Vikramaditya VI, who ruled the Western Chalukya dynasty (also known as the Kalyani Chalukyas) from 1076 to 1126 CE.

Explanation

The Kharosthi script was an ancient script used in northwest India. It was used mainly in the Gandhara region and is associated with the Buddhist texts and inscriptions of that area. It was derived from the Aramaic script and written from right to left, distinguishing it from most other Indian scripts like Brahmi, which were written from left to right. Nandnagari and Sharada scripts both evolved from Brahmi and were written from left to right.

Explanation

The dialogue between Nachiketa and Yama is one of the most famous philosophical exchanges found in the Kathopanishad, a part of Yajurveda. In their dialogue, Nachiketa asks profound questions about the nature of death, immortality, and the soul’s journey, which leads to deep philosophical teachings on the eternal nature of the self (Atman) and the ultimate truth (Brahman).

Explanation

The Milindapanho (Questions of King Milinda) is an important Buddhist text that records a philosophical dialogue between Indo-Greek King Menander I (Milinda) and the Buddhist monk Nagasena. This text explores profound Buddhist concepts like impermanence (Anicca), non-self (Anatta), and the doctrine of karma through logical discourse and metaphors. The Milindapanho is considered an important work in the Theravada tradition.

Explanation

The Saka Era is a historical calendar that begins in 78 A.D., marking its epoch in Indian history. The Vikrama Samvat is another significant calendar system in India, which starts from 58 B.C.. To convert a Saka year to Vikrama Samvat, 136 years are added to the Saka year. Therefore, adding 136 years to 465 (Saka year) results in 601, which corresponds to a Vikrama Samvat year.