Information and Communication Technology: UPSC Previous Year Questions (Science and Technology)

Explanation

Statement I is correct:The Majorana 1 chip, developed by Microsoft and announced on February 19, 2025, is the world’s first Quantum Processing Unit (QPU) using a Topological Core architecture based on topoconductors (indium arsenide and aluminum). It leverages Majorana zero modes (MZMs)--quasiparticles that are their own antiparticles--to build topological qubits. These qubits are theorized to offer inherent stability and require less error correction than traditional qubits. Microsoft claims the chip can scale up to 1 million qubits and enable fault-tolerant quantum computing for fields like drug discovery, cryptography, and materials science.

Statement II is incorrect: The Majorana 1 chip is not from AWS. AWS introduced the Ocelot chip on February 27, 2025, developed with Caltech, using cat qubits and transmons. AWS Braket, its quantum platform, supports hardware from IonQ, Rigetti, and QuEra, but has no connection to Majorana 1.

Statement III is correct: Deep learning is a specialized subfield of machine learning, which itself is a subdomain of artificial intelligence (AI). Deep learning uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) with multiple layers (e.g., convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs)) to model complex patterns in large datasets, excelling in tasks like image recognition, natural language processing, and speech recognition. Machine learning includes broader algorithms like decision trees, support vector machines (SVMs), and neural networks, with deep learning specifically requiring large datasets and computational power (e.g., GPUs).

Explanation

Radar (Radio Detection And Ranging) is an electromagnetic sensor used for detecting, locating, tracking, and recognising objects of various kinds at considerable distances. It operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy toward objects, commonly referred to as targets, and observing the echoes returned from them. The targets may be aircraft, ships, spacecraft, automotive vehicles, astronomical bodies, or even birds, insects, and rain. Besides determining the presence, location, and velocity of such objects, radar can sometimes obtain their size and shape as well.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Radar technology is being used in the fight against narcotics, but they are being used for interdiction of suspicious flights/aircraft in countries like Guatemala, Brazil and Bolivia and not directly in the identification of narcotics on passengers or in the aircraft.

Statement 2 is correct: Radars, especially Doppler weather radars, are widely used to track precipitation, storm patterns, and weather conditions.

Statement 3 is correct: Radars, such as avian radars, are used to monitor the movement of birds and other animals, especially for ecological studies and aviation safety.

Explanation

The Metaverse refers to an interoperable network of 3D virtual worlds where users can interact, own virtual assets, and engage in various digital activities. It allows millions of users to access and participate simultaneously, often using technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and blockchain. Prominent Applications of the Metaverse:

Gaming & Social Interaction - Immersive experiences on platforms like Horizon Worlds and Roblox. Education & Training - VR based learning, medical simulations, and corporate training. Retail & E-Commerce - Virtual stores by brands like Nike and Gucci. Healthcare - VR therapy, remote surgeries, and medical training. Real Estate & Architecture - 3D virtual property tours and design modeling. Work & Collaboration - Virtual offices and meetings (e.g., Microsoft Mesh). Entertainment & Events - Virtual concerts, movies, and live shows. Finance & Virtual Economy - NFTs, digital assets, and blockchain-based transactions. Industry & Manufacturing - Digital twins and AR for production efficiency. Tourism & Exploration - Virtual travel experiences of historical and cultural sites.

Option (c) is correct: "Metaverse" is the most appropriate because it directly encompasses all three of these key features: interconnected 3D virtual worlds, massive concurrent user access, and crucially, the ability to own and manage virtual property. Examples:

Decentraland: Users can interact, purchase virtual land, develop businesses, and trade NFTs. The Sandbox: A virtual economy where users create, own, and monetize digital assets. Options (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect:

Big Data Analytics refers to the process of analyzing large and complex datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and insights. It utilizes advanced techniques such as machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), and statistical analysis to extract meaningful information. Examples include Netflix’s recommendation system, Google search algorithms, and customer behavior analysis in e-commerce. Overall, this explanation does not resemble the phrase used in the question statement. Cryptography involves techniques for secure communication and data protection through encryption and decryption methods. It ensures confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation in digital transactions. Cryptographic methods are essential in cybersecurity, digital signatures, blockchain technology, and secure online communications. They are commonly used in applications such as SSL encryption for websites, Bitcoin transactions, and end-to-end encrypted messaging apps like WhatsApp. Virtual Matrix is not a widely recognized term in the domain of 3D interconnected virtual worlds. The word "Matrix" is sometimes associated with simulated realities, as seen in science fiction, such as The Matrix movie. However, it does not specifically refer to an interoperable digital ecosystem like the Metaverse. If used in a technical sense, it might refer to a virtual computing environment or a data organization framework, but it does not describe a user-driven virtual space where individuals can exert property rights over digital assets.

Explanation

Software as a Service (SaaS) refers to software provided by a third party as a service where hosting and maintenance are managed by the provider. Unlike traditional methods requiring local deployment and maintenance SaaS allows direct access to software via thin clients such as web browsers.

Statement 1 is correct: SaaS applications often provide customization options, allowing users to adjust the user interface (UI) and modify data fields according to their business requirements. However, customization is typically limited to certain areas defined by the service provider and may not involve deep structural changes.

Statement 2 is correct: SaaS platforms are accessible via the internet and can be used across devices, including desktops, laptops, and mobile devices. This accessibility is a key feature of SaaS, as users can access their applications and data on the go through web browsers or mobile apps.

Statement 3 is correct: Email services such as Outlook, Hotmail, and Yahoo Mail are classic examples of SaaS. They deliver email functionality over the internet without requiring users to install software locally. These services are hosted by the provider and accessed through browsers or apps.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: A fundamental principle of Web 3.0 is to grant users ownership and control over their personal data, reducing reliance on centralized entities. This shift aims to enhance privacy and security for individuals.

Statement 2 is correct: Web 3.0 leverages blockchain technology to create decentralized applications, including social networks. These platforms operate without central authorities, offering users greater control over content and data.

Statement 3 is correct: Decentralization is a hallmark of Web 3.0, where control is distributed among users instead of being held by centralized corporations. This collective operation is facilitated through decentralized networks and consensus mechanisms.

Explanation

Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data and perform computations. A classical computer performs operations using classical bits, which can be either 0 or 1. Quantum computer uses quantum bits or Qubits, which can be both 0 and 1 at the same time. Qubits (or quantum bits) are the units of computation in quantum computers. They take advantage of quantum mechanics characteristics, which regulate how matter behaves at the atomic level. Quantum computers are faster, more accurate, & energy efficient. Two important phenomena of quantum physics that are used to achieve functioning of quantum computing are:

1. Superimposition: Each quantum bit (basic unit of information in a quantum computer) can represent both a 1 and a 0 at the same time, which is known as superposition.

2. Quantum Entanglement: Subatomic particles become "entangled" (connected) in quantum entanglement, which means that any change in one upsets the other, even though they are at opposite ends of the universe.

Explanation

Short-Range Devices (SRDs) are communication technologies designed for limited-distance operations, typically within a few meters to a few hundred meters.

Option 1 is correct: CCTV systems use video cameras to transmit signals to specific monitors for surveillance purposes. The transmission range of CCTV systems is generally confined to the premises being monitored, making them short-range by design.

Option 2 is correct: RFID employs electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. They are typically short-range, with passive RFID tags readable from up to a few meters and active tags extending up to 100 meters.

Option 3 is correct: WLANs enable wireless network communication within a localized area, such as a home or office, using high-frequency radio waves. The effective range of WLANs is usually within 100 meters, categorizing them as short-range communication technologies.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: AI-powered systems are used in smart grids and industrial automation to minimize electricity consumption. AI algorithms analyze energy consumption patterns and adjust systems in real-time to reduce waste and improve efficiency.

Statement 2 is correct: AI advancements such as natural language processing (NLP) and generative models like GPT can create meaningful short stories and songs. Tools like OpenAI’s GPT-3 and AI music generators demonstrate the ability to produce creative content that resonates with human audiences. Note: UPSC did not consider this option as correct probably because Generative AI was not so advanced at that time.

Statement 3 is correct: AI is widely used in healthcare for disease diagnosis. Machine learning algorithms analyze medical data such as imaging scans, genetic information, and patient records to detect diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions with high accuracy. AI systems like IBM Watson and Google DeepMind are prominent examples.

Statement 4 is correct: AI-powered text-to-speech (TTS) systems such as Google WaveNet and Amazon Polly can convert written text into natural-sounding speech. These systems are widely used in virtual assistants, audiobooks, and accessibility tools for visually impaired individuals.

Statement 5 is incorrect: Wireless transmission of electrical energy is a physical and engineering challenge and not directly related to AI. While AI can optimize energy systems but it does not play a direct role in the wireless transmission of electricity, which relies on technologies like inductive coupling or microwave transmission. Note: Considering the options provided most suitable answer is Option (b).

Explanation

Visible Light Communication (VLC) uses visible light for data communication. Optical wireless communications methods include VLC as a subset. Because light-producing equipment (such as indoor/outdoor lamps, TVs, traffic signs, commercial displays, and car headlights/taillights) are utilised everywhere, VLC can be employed as a communications channel for ubiquitous computing.

Statement 1 is correct: Visible Light Communication (VLC) operates within the visible light spectrum which ranges from approximately 375 nm (violet) to 780 nm (red). VLC uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit data by modulating light intensity.

Statement 2 is incorrect: VLC is considered a short-range communication technology due to the limitations of light propagation. It is effective over short distances such as within a room or confined space and is not designed for long-range communication like radio frequency (RF) technologies.

Statement 3 is correct: VLC has the potential to transmit data at very high speeds often exceeding the data rates of Bluetooth. VLC can achieve data rates in the range of gigabits per second (Gbps) while Bluetooth typically operates at much lower speeds (up to a few megabits per second).

Statement 4 is correct: VLC operates in the visible light spectrum, which does not interfere with radio frequency (RF) signals. This makes VLC particularly useful in environments where electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a concern such as hospitals, aircraft, and industrial settings.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer is generally covered under cyber insurance policies. If a malware attack disrupts access to your computer system the insurance can covers the expenses related to restoring the system to its original state.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Cyber insurance policies do not cover physical damage to hardware. They primarily focus on digital and financial losses. If a computer is physically damaged by a miscreant, it would fall under general insurance or property insurance rather than cyber insurance. These insurance policies are primarily focused on addressing losses arising from cybercrimes affecting data and software.

Statement 3 is correct: Cyber insurance often covers the cost of hiring cybersecurity experts, consultants, or negotiators to minimize financial and reputational losses in case of cyber extortion such as ransomware attacks.

Statement 4 is correct: Cyber insurance policies often provide coverage for legal defense costs if a third party initiates a lawsuit related to a cyber incident. This includes expenses such as attorney fees and other legal charges. Example: Bajaj Allianz’s policy covers defense costs arising from claims made by third parties against the insured individual.