Information and Communication Technology: UPSC Previous Year Questions (Science and Technology)

Explanation

Biometrics identification is a form of identification and access control. Biometric identifiers are the distinct, measurable characteristics used to label individuals. Physiological characteristics are distinguished from behavioural traits when classifying biometric identifiers. Fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina, and odour/scent are examples of physiological biometric identifiers. Visible and near - infrared light used captures and analyzes the unique patterns in the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil. It is a highly reliable and accurate biometric method used in security and access control systems. It is used in Aadhaar biometric identification in India. Retinal scanning maps the unique pattern of blood vessels in the retina at the back of the eye. This method is highly accurate but less commonly used due to its intrusive nature, requiring the user to position their eye close to the scanner. Voice recognition analyzes the unique characteristics of an individual’s voice, such as tone, pitch, and rhythm, for authentication. It is widely used in phone-based security systems and other applications requiring remote verification.