Biology: Zoology: UPSC Previous Year Questions (Science and Technology)

Explanation

Option (c) is correct: Coronary arteries are responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. They ensure the heart gets the necessary oxygen and nutrients for its functioning. Options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect:

The carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that supply oxygenated blood to the brain, face, and neck. The hepatic arteries supply oxygenated blood to the liver along with the hepatic portal vein. The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

Explanation

Option (d) is correct: The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of protein for a moderately active woman is 46 grams per day. This value is based on the average need for maintaining health, muscle repair, and proper physiological functioning. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is a modest 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Options (a), (b), and (c) are incorrect: 30 g, 37 g, and 40 g are below the daily requirement for a moderately active woman.

Explanation

A is matched with 5: Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite which infects red blood cells. The parasite multiplies in the blood leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and anemia. B is matched with 4: Filaria, or lymphatic filariasis is caused by parasitic worms (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, etc.) that infect the lymphatic system including lymph nodes. This leads to swelling and conditions like elephantiasis. C is matched with 2: Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain which is often caused by viral infections (e.g., herpes simplex virus, Japanese encephalitis virus). It affects brain tissue and can lead to neurological symptoms. D is matched with 1: Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. It involves the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells which disrupts normal blood cell production.

Explanation

An antigen is any substance (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides, or toxins) that the immune system recognizes as foreign. When an antigen enters the body, it triggers an immune response leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells like T-cells and B-cells. Options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect:

Antigens do not have a role in regulating body temperature. Lowering body temperature is typically associated with antipyretics (e.g., paracetamol) or the body>s response to infections (fever reduction). Antigens do not destroy harmful bacteria. Instead they are recognized by the immune system which then activates immune responses (e.g., antibodies, white blood cells) to neutralize or destroy pathogens like bacteria. Antigens are not used as antidotes to poison. Antidotes are specific substances (e.g., activated charcoal, atropine) that neutralize or counteract the effects of toxins or poisons.

Explanation

The genome of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was the first eukaryotic genome to be fully sequenced. The sequencing was completed in 1996 which marked a major milestone in genomics.

Explanation

Plastic surgery is the earliest medical advancement among the options listed. It dates back to ancient India, where Sushruta, known as the “Father of Surgery,” described advanced reconstructive surgical techniques in the 6th century BCE. He performed reconstructive procedures such as rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction). These procedures were significantly ahead of their time and predates other medical milestones by centuries.

Explanation

As per the WHO reports around 1996, Tuberculosis (TB) which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis was responsible for the highest number of deaths globally. It primarily affects the lungs and is prevalent in developing countries due to poverty, overcrowded living conditions, and limited access to healthcare. TB has remained a significant global health burden despite being curable and preventable. However, currently Heart diseases are the largest reason behind human mortality.

Explanation

Xerophthalmia, caused by Vitamin A deficiency, is a critical public health issue in India. It primarily affects children and can lead to dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea, eventually resulting in blindness if left untreated. Addressing this condition through improved dietary intake and supplementation programs is a top priority for reducing malnutrition and its consequences in India.

Explanation

Option (b) is correct:

A is matched with 2: Carotene, specifically beta-carotene, is a provitamin A carotenoid found in plant foods. It is converted into vitamin A (retinol) in the human body which plays a crucial role in vision, immune function, and skin health. B is matched with 1: Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme produced in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. C is matched with 4: Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands that regulate physiological processes. Progesterone is a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. D is matched with 3: Proteins are large biomolecules made of amino acids that perform a variety of functions in the body. Keratin is a structural protein found in hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin.

Explanation

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by higher blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to either insufficient insulin production or reduced insulin sensitivity. Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. Type 2 diabetes affects how your body uses sugar (glucose) for energy. It stops the body from using insulin properly, which can lead to high levels of blood sugar if not treated.