UPSC 1997 Geography Questions with Answers

Explanation

Transplanting seedlings is a common agricultural practice where young plants are grown in nurseries and then moved to the main field. This method ensures better growth, higher yields, and efficient use of resources.

Option (c) is correct: Onions are typically cultivated by transplanting seedlings. Farmers grow small onion plants from seeds in a nursery and then carefully transplant them into the field. This method allows for better control over spacing and ensures healthier plants. Onion seedlings are first raised in nurseries and then transplanted to the main field after 6-8 weeks. This method helps in uniform spacing, better root establishment, and higher yield. Onion requires well-drained soil and moderate irrigation, making transplanting essential for commercial production.

Option (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect:

Maize is usually directly sown into the field.

Sorghum is also typically directly sown.

Soyabean is typically directly sown, although some varieties can be transplanted.

Explanation

A is correctly matched with 2: Barley is a hardy crop that grows well in a cool climate and can tolerate poor soil fertility. It is commonly cultivated in temperate regions. It is rown in temperate regions like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh in India. B is correctly matched with 4: Rice is typically cultivated in areas with abundant rainfall and warm temperatures. It thrives in alluvial soils that are rich in nutrients, which is why the ideal condition is described as a hot and moist climate with rich soil. Major rice-producing states in India include West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. C is correctly matched with 1: Millets are drought-resistant crops that grow in areas with a hot and dry climate and can tolerate poor, sandy soils. They are commonly cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions. 2023 was declared the International Year of Millets by the UN to promote their cultivation. D is correctly matched with 3: Tea requires a warm and moist climate, well-drained soil, and grows best in high-altitude areas. Hill slopes in regions like Darjeeling and Assam are ideal.

Explanation

The descending order by production quantity is:

Groundnut (3) > Soyabean (4) > Mustard (2) > Sesamum (1) Groundnut is the largest produced oilseed in India. It is cultivated primarily in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, often in semi-arid regions. Soybean is the second largest oilseed crop, grown predominantly in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. Mustard ranks third in oilseed production and is grown widely in the north-western plains, particularly in Rajasthan, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Sesamum (or sesame) has a lower production compared to the others. It is cultivated in small quantities across Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.

Explanation

India is the largest producer of fuelwood in the world due to its extensive use in rural areas for cooking and heating. In rural India, traditional biomass sources like firewood account for a significant share of energy consumption. Fuelwoodis sourced from forests, plantations, and farm trees, especially in states with dense forests and agroforestry practices.

Option (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect:

Indonesia: A major producer of timber, but its fuelwood production is significantly lower than India’s due to its smaller rural population relying on fuelwood. Russia: Focuses on commercial timber and industrial wood rather than fuelwood. China: While biomass energy is significant, China’s reliance on coal and other energy sources reduces its dependence on fuelwood compared to India.

Explanation

A is matched with 5: Chennai (formerly Madras) is located at approximately 13°N latitude, while Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is located at around 22.5°N latitude. The closer a location is to the equator, the higher the average temperature due to more direct sunlight throughout the year. This is why Chennai is warmer than Kolkata, as it is situated closer to the equator. B is matched with 2: Snowfall in the Himalayas is primarily due to high altitude, rather than latitude. The Himalayas have several peaks above 6,000 meters (20,000 feet), where temperatures remain below freezing for most of the year. C is matched with 4:West Bengal is closer to the Bay of Bengal, which brings heavy monsoon rains during June-September. As you move inland towards Punjab, the moisture-laden winds lose their strength and moisture due to the continental effect (distance from the sea). D is matched with 3: During winter (December-February), the Western Disturbances (low-pressure systems from the Mediterranean region) bring rainfall to northern India, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.

Explanation

A is matched with 3: The Deccan Traps are one of the largest volcanic provinces in the world, formed due to massive volcanic eruptions during the late Cretaceous and early Eocene periods (about 66 million years ago). These lava flows cover a vast part of western and central India. B is matched with 1: The Western Ghats, that include Sahyadri Hills, are part of the Late Cenozoic formations, meaning they formed relatively recently in geological history. These mountains are the result of faulting and uplift processes. C is matched with 2: The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, dating back to the Pre-Cambrian era. It is heavily eroded and was once part of a much larger mountain system. D is matched with 5: The river valleys of the Narmada and Tapi belong to the Pleistocene era (about 2.5 million to 11,700 years ago). They have alluvial deposits from recent geological periods due to sedimentation from river action.

Explanation

The 18°C January isotherm is used as the dividing line between the tropical and subtropical zones in India. This isotherm runs roughly along the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N latitude) and helps distinguish the warmer tropical climate of southern India from the relatively cooler subtropical climate of northern India. Areas south of the 18°C isotherm (covering most of Peninsular India) experience tropical climate with higher temperatures, minimal winter, and a distinct monsoon pattern. Areas north of the 18°C isotherm (including northern states like Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Uttar Pradesh) fall under the subtropical zone, experiencing cooler winters and greater temperature variations between seasons.

Explanation

The Alamatti Dam is constructed on the Krishna River in Karnataka. It is a part of the Upper Krishna Irrigation Project and is located in Bagalkot district. The dam plays a crucial role in irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water management in Karnataka. It is one of the largest reservoirs in South India and helps regulate the flow of the Krishna River.

Explanation

The Farakka Barrage was constructed across the Ganga River in West Bengal with the aim of diverting water to the Hooghly River to ensure that the Kolkata Port remains navigable. The Farakka Feeder Canal is responsible for carrying the diverted water into the Hooghly River. Canal Capacity: The canal has a designed carrying capacity of 40,000 cusecs, which is the amount of water it can carry per second. This is an important feature of the Farakka Barrage, as it ensures the flow of sufficient water into the Hooghly River to prevent silting and to support the navigation in Kolkata’s port.

Explanation

Pair (d) is correctly matched: Sundari is a type of mangrove tree that is found in the Sundarbans region of West Bengal. It is well known for its role in the coastal ecosystem of the Sundarbans and is the dominant species in the mangrove forest. Pairs (a), (b) and (c) are incorrectly matched:

Teak is predominantly found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala, not in Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir is known for coniferous trees like Chir Pine and Fir. Deodar (Cedrus deodara) is primarily found in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttarakhand, not in Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh has a variety of other trees like Sal and Saja. Sandalwood (Santalum album) is native to Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. Kerala is not popularly known for sandalwood cultivation, although the tree may grow there in some areas.