History of Mauryan Age: UPSC Previous Year Questions (Ancient History)

Explanation

Ashoka’s religious philosophy evolved from a belief in traditional Hindu practices to the adoption of Buddhism, emphasizing non-violence (ahimsa), compassion, and moral conduct. His Edicts reflect his commitment to dharma, promoting tolerance, welfare, and ethical governance. In Major Rock Edicts 7 and 12, Ashoka explicitly advocates for religious tolerance and the coexistence of all religions. He emphasized that all ascetics (spiritual teachers) should be honored, irrespective of their faith, and that people should respect each other’s beliefs. These edicts reflect Ashoka’s commitment to dhamma (righteousness), which promoted peaceful co-existence.

Explanation

Ashokan edicts and inscriptions, carved on pillars and rocks across the Indian subcontinent, convey Ashoka’s policies of Dhamma, promoting non-violence, religious tolerance, and moral conduct. The Kanaganahalli inscription located in Kanganahalli (in present-day Gulbarga, Karnataka), is a significant discovery. The inscription and relief depict Ashoka in the form of a portrait and a reference to his title, "Ranyo Ashoka," highlighting his role as a ruler.

Explanation

The British played a significant role in reconstructing India’s ancient history through archaeological excavations, such as those at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and the translation of ancient texts like the Vedas and Arthashastra. Their efforts helped revive interest in India’s rich cultural and historical heritage, though often through a colonial lens.

Option (b) is correct: James Prinsep, an officer in the East India Company’s mint, deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts in 1837, unlocking the meaning of Ashoka’s edicts. His discovery revealed the king referred to as Piyadassi ("pleasant to behold"), later identified as Ashoka. This breakthrough was crucial in reconstructing the Mauryan period and understanding Ashoka’s role in Indian history. Options (a), (c) and (d) are incorrect:

Georg Bühler was a German Indologist known for his work on Sanskrit and ancient Indian inscriptions. Max Müller was a German philologist who contributed to the study of the Vedas and Sanskrit literature. William Jones was an Orientalist who founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal and is famous for recognizing the relationship between Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek.

Explanation

The invasions of ancient India by the Greeks, Sakas, and Kushanas occurred between the 4th century BCE and the 2nd century AD, marking significant cultural and political shifts in the Indian subcontinent due to the introduction of Hellenistic, Central Asian, and nomadic influences.

Option (a) is correct:

Greeks: In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great initiated the Greek invasions into India. After his death, his Indian conquests we taken over by the Seleucids and then by the Greeks of Bactria. Sakas: The Sakas, or Scythians, were a group of nomadic tribes from Central Asia who invaded north-western India in the 2nd century BC, following the path set by the Greeks. Kushanas: The Kushans, originally from Central Asia (modern China), invaded India from the 1st to the 3rd century AD.

Explanation

The Maurya (321 BCE - 185 BCE), Sunga (185 BCE - 73 BCE), and Kanva dynasties (73 BCE - 30 BCE) represent significant eras in ancient Indian history, spanning the rule from centralized imperial administration to regional governance and eventual fragmentation.

Statement 1 is correct: The last Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha, was assassinated by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga, who then established the Sunga dynasty (185 BCE).

Statement 2 is correct: The last Sunga king, Devabhuti, was assassinated by his minister Vasudeva Kanva, a Brahmana, who subsequently usurped the throne and founded the Kanva dynasty (73 BCE).

Statement 3 is correct: The last ruler of the Kanva dynasty was overthrown by the Andhras (also known as the Satavahanas) around 30 BCE, marking the end of the Kanva dynasty and the establishment of the Satavahana dynasty in central India.

Explanation

Buddhism and Jainism part of the Shramana traditions are two ancient Indian religions that originated around the same time, during the 6th century BCE. They emphasized asceticism, non-violence, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth. They offered alternative philosophies to Vedic ritualism, focusing on personal spiritual practices and ethical living.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Vardhaman Mahavira’s mother, Trishala, was the sister (and not daughter) of Chetaka, a chief of the Lichchhavi clan. The Lichchhavis were known for their democratic and republican system of governance.

Statement 2 is correct: Gautama Buddha’s mother, Maya Devi, was a princess from the Koshalan dynasty. She was married to King Suddhodana of the Shakya clan and was the mother of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the Buddha.

Statement 3 is correct: Parshvanatha, the twenty-third Tirthankara of Jainism, was associated with Benaras (Varanasi), where he was born. According to Jain tradition, he was born into a royal family and preached a doctrine of non-violence, truth, and asceticism. The serpent symbol is associated with him.

Explanation

Assertion (A) is true: Ashoka annexed Kalinga after the brutal Kalinga War (261 BCE), which deeply impacted him and led to his adoption of Dhamma (Buddhist principles). Reason (R) is true: Kalinga held a strategic position with control over important land and sea routes to South India, which made it economically and militarily significant. He retained Kalinga after its conquest and incorporated it into his empire over its sheer importance with respect to land and sea trade connectivity. Thus, R explains A. Hence, Option (a) is correct.

Explanation

Military governorship in ancient India, particularly during the periods of the Mauryan, Gupta, and Kushana empires, was a key feature of the administrative structure. Amongst the given options, Greeks were the first who introduced military governorship in India. They appointed their Governors called Strategos. These military governors had both military and administrative authority and were responsible for maintaining control and collecting taxes. The practice was further continued by subsequent foreign invaders and Indian rulers as well such as Sakas, Parthians and later Mughals.

Explanation

The Alexander’s invasion of India in 326 B.C is a pivotal moment in ancient history, marking the encounter between Greek and Indian civilizations. At the time of Alexander’s invasion in 326 B.C., the northern part of India was under the rule of the Nanda dynasty (343 - 321 BCE). The king of the Nanda dynasty at the time of Alexander’s invasion of India was Dhanananda.

Explanation

The Huns, a nomadic group originating from the Asian steppes, were a significant force during period. Their invasions played a key role in the broader process of the Western Roman Empire’s decline. After the Hun invasion in the 4th to 5th century, the Roman Empire weakened. This led Indian traders to shift their focus to Southeast Asia. With the decline of Roman trade routes, maritime trade increased with Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Indonesia, and Cambodia. Indian merchants also spread Hinduism, Buddhism, and Indian culture to these regions. During this time, Indian-influenced kingdoms like Srivijaya and Funan became important trade partners.