Construction of Ancient History: UPSC Previous Year Questions (Ancient History)

Explanation

Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh holds historical significance as the site of ancient Dhanyakataka, a prominent town in the Deccan region of the later Satavahanas, as recorded in numerous inscriptions. This area also housed a significant Buddhist settlement. According to some Tibetan scriptures Dhanyakataka is the place where early Kalachakra tradition took off. Kalachakra is a Buddhist tantric practice. It was a significant hub of Mahayana Buddhism and was associated with the Mahasanghika sect. The famous Amaravati Stupa, one of the largest Buddhist stupas in India, is located near this site. Options (b), (c) and (d) are incorrect:

Gandhara (Pakistan-Afghanistan region) was a center of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. Kalinga (Odisha) was significant for Ashoka’s Buddhist transformation but not specifically for the Mahasanghikas. Magadha (Bihar) was the heartland of early Buddhism but not linked to Dhanyakataka.

Explanation

Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were prominent ancient port cities in South India that played a crucial role in maritime trade. Korkai: Korkai, situated in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, emerged as a significant port city during ancient times, notably flourishing during the era of Tamil Sangam literature. It served as the primary port for the Pandya Kingdom during this period. Poompuhar: Alternatively known as Kaveripattinam, it stands out as an ancient port city with a vibrant maritime trading legacy. Positioned on the banks of the Kaveri River in the Mayiladuthurai district of Tamil Nadu, it served as the primary port for the esteemed Chola Kingdom. Muchiri: Muchiri, alternatively referred to as Muziris, stood as an ancient port city situated in what is now Kerala, close to the town of Kodungallur. It held substantial importance as a trading hub within the Indian Ocean trade network throughout the ancient and medieval eras. Tondi and Muchiri emerged as pivotal ports within the realm of the Chera kingdom. Hence, all the three sites mentioned were well known as Ports in ancient South India.

Explanation

Vatakkiruttal, also known as Vadakiruthal or Vadakiruttal, was particularly prevalent during the Sangam period (3rd century BCE to 2nd Century CE). Tamil Kings, in a bid to uphold their honor and prestige, were willing to face death by fasting, a practice known as "Vatakkiruttal."