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Category 9 · Environment & Ecology

Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems

13 micro topics in Environment & Ecology for UPSC Prelims, in book order: Estuaries: Definition, Types, Importance and Threats; Major Estuaries in Indian Coastal States; and 11 more.

  1. 9.1

    Estuaries: Definition, Types, Importance and Threats

    An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal water body where fresh water from one or more rivers meets and mixes with sea water, so that salinity falls from the sea end to the river end and…

  2. 9.2

    Major Estuaries in Indian Coastal States

    India's coast has many estuaries where rivers meet the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. On the west coast, the Narmada, Tapi, Mahi and Sabarmati open into the Gulf of Khambhat in…

  3. 9.3

    Difference Between Lagoon and Estuary

    A lagoon is a shallow coastal water body separated from the open sea by a barrier such as a sand bar, spit, barrier island or coral reef, and linked to the sea by one or more…

  4. 9.4

    Estuarine Ecosystem Adaptations and Conservation

    Estuarine organisms live in water whose salinity, temperature, turbidity and depth change with every tide and season, so they show special adaptations. Euryhaline animals such as mullet, hilsa and some crabs tolerate wide salinity ranges by…

  5. 9.5

    Mangroves: Definition, Distribution in India, Importance and Threats

    Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical coasts, estuaries, creeks and deltas, where the soil is muddy, waterlogged, low in oxygen and flooded by tides. They are…

  6. 9.6

    Legal and Regulatory Approaches for Mangrove Protection

    Mangroves in India are protected through several overlapping laws and schemes rather than a single mangrove act. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is the base for the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, first issued in 1991…

  7. 9.7

    Community-Based Mangrove Regeneration

    Community-based mangrove regeneration restores and manages mangroves with the active role of the coastal villagers who depend on them, instead of leaving the task to forest departments alone. The approach grew out of Joint Forest Management…

  8. 9.8

    Coral Reefs: Formation, Geographical Conditions, Types

    Coral reefs are underwater ridges or platforms built over thousands of years from the calcium carbonate skeletons of tiny marine animals called coral polyps, which belong to the phylum Cnidaria. Reef-building corals live in partnership with…

  9. 9.9

    Concept of Bio-Rock Reefs

    Biorock, or bio-rock, is a reef restoration technology in which a low-voltage direct electric current is passed through a steel or metal frame placed on the sea floor. In sea water the current makes dissolved minerals,…

  10. 9.10

    Threats to and Conservation of Coral Reefs

    Coral reefs face threats from both global climate pressures and local human activity. The most serious global threats are marine heat waves, which cause coral bleaching when stressed corals expel their symbiotic algae, and ocean acidification,…

  11. 9.11

    Wetlands: Definition, Types and Importance

    Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present near the surface, for all or part of the year, so that the land and its plants and animals are shaped by water. The Ramsar…

  12. 9.12

    Wetlands in India and Threats to Wetland Ecosystems

    India has a wide range of wetlands, from Himalayan lakes and Gangetic floodplains to coastal lagoons, mangroves, reservoirs and village tanks. The National Wetland Atlas prepared by the Space Applications Centre of ISRO in 2011 mapped…

  13. 9.13

    Ramsar Convention and the Asian Waterbird Census

    The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, known as the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty adopted on 2 February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar and in force since 1975.…

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Frequently asked questions

Which topics are in Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems?

Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems has 13 micro topics in Environment & Ecology: Estuaries: Definition, Types, Importance and Threats; Major Estuaries in Indian Coastal States; Difference Between Lagoon and Estuary; Estuarine Ecosystem Adaptations and Conservation; Mangroves: Definition, Distribution in India, Importance and Threats; Legal and Regulatory Approaches for Mangrove Protection; Community-Based Mangrove Regeneration; Coral Reefs: Formation, Geographical Conditions, Types; Concept of Bio-Rock Reefs; Threats to and Conservation of Coral Reefs; Wetlands: Definition, Types and Importance; Wetlands in India and Threats to Wetland Ecosystems; Ramsar Convention and the Asian Waterbird Census.

Is Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems important for UPSC Prelims?

Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems is a part of the UPSC Prelims Environment & Ecology syllabus map on MaargX UPSC. Each of its 13 published topics has key terms, a Mains angle and practice questions.