1. Deprivation of education, health, assets and services at household level.
2. Purchasing power parity at national level.
3. Extent of budget deficit and GDP growth rate at national level.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Explanation
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is designed to measure acute poverty by evaluating multiple deprivations that individuals face across three key dimensions: health, education, and living standards.
Statement 1 is correct: The index assesses deprivations in education (such as years of schooling and school attendance), health (including child mortality and nutrition), and living standards (evaluated through indicators like access to electricity, sanitation, drinking water, housing, cooking fuel, and asset ownership).
Statement 2 is incorrect: Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an economic metric used to compare the relative value of currencies and the cost of goods across countries. The MPI focuses on non-monetary deprivations at the household level and does not incorporate national-level economic indicators like PPP.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Budget deficits and GDP growth rates are macroeconomic indicators that reflect a country’s fiscal health and economic performance. The MPI does not include these national-level metrics, as it is centered on individual and household deprivations in specific areas such as health, education, and living standards.